Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

ANTHONY J. BOWEN  WILLIAM R. NORMARK†  DAVID J. W. PIPER‡ 《Sedimentology》1984,31(2):169-185

Several Holocene turbidites can be correlated across much of Navy Fan through more than 100 sediment core localities. The uppermost muddy turbidite unit is mapped throughout the northern half of the fan; its volume, grain-size distribution and the maximum height of deposition on the basin slopes are known. These parameters can be related to the precise channel morphology and mesotopography revealed by deep-tow surveys. Thus there is sufficient information to estimate detailed flow characteristics for this turbidity current as it moved from fan valley to distal basin plain. On the upper fan, the gradient and the increasing downstream width of the channel and only limited flow overspill suggest that the flow had a Froude number close to 1.0. The sediment associated with the channel indicates friction velocities of about 0.06 m s^?1 and flow velocities of about 0.75 m s^?1. Using this flow velocity and channel dimensions, sediment concentration (～2×10^?3) and discharge are estimated, and from a knowledge of the total volume of sediment deposited, the flow duration is estimated to be from 2 to 9 days. It is shown that the estimates of Froude number, drag coefficient, and sediment concentration are not likely to vary by more than a factor of 2. On the mid-fan, the flow was much thicker than the height of the surface relief of the fan and it spread rapidly. The cross-flow slope, determined from the horizontal extent of turbidite sediment, is used to estimate flow velocity, which is confirmed by consideration of both sediment grain size and rate of deposition. This again allows sediment concentration and discharge to be estimated. The requirements of flow continuity, entrainment of water during flow expansion, and observed sediment deposition provide checks on all these estimates, and provide an integrated picture of the evolution of the flow. The flow characteristics of this muddy turbidity current are well constrained compared to those for more sand-rich late Pleistocene and early Holocene turbidity currents on the fan.  相似文献   

Mineral Chemistry and Crystallization Conditions of the Mboutou Layered Gabbro-Syenite-Granite Complex, North Cameroon   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

PARSONS  IAN; BROWN  WILLIAM L.; JACQUEMIN  HERVE 《Journal of Petrology》1986,27(6):1305-1329

The Mboutou complex is one of a line of early Tertiary ringcomplexes which runs from Lake Chad to the Gulf of Guinea, noneof which has hitherto been described in detail. The main rocktypes are layered gabbros and gabbronorites, with minor bodiesof quartz-syenodiorite, quartz-syenite and hypersolvus granite.Feldspars form a continuum with exceptional compositional range,from An₈₅Ab₁₃Or₂ to around An₁Ab₄₆Or₅₅, and form an entirelyhypersolvus sequence with very strong zoning in the syenodiorites.Ca-rich clinopyroxenes (salite and calcic augite) and olivines(Fo_78–62) have restricted range. Orthopyroxene-bearingleucogabbros and syenodiorites contain minor orthopyroxene (En₆₂Fs₃₅Wo₃)and quartz; olivine and orthopyroxene never coexist. In moreevolved rocks amphibole (magnesio-hornblende to ferroedenite)and minor biotite, showing progressive Fe-enrichment, are theonly mafic silicates.Major-element rock chemistry, minor elementsin clinopyroxenes and biotite chemistry show that, notwithstandingits thoroughly anorogenic setting, Mboutou was, at the outset,only very mildly alkaline. Its more evolved members embarkedon a line of evolution with some calc-alkaline characteristics,probably because of ingress of water into residual batches ofmagma, a possibility supported by stable isotope data. Thischange in behaviour corresponded with the sudden appearanceof quartz and orthopyroxene, which was not in equilibrium withclinopyroxene on the two-pyroxene surface. Amphibole then becamethe main mafic silicate with further increase in . The more evolved rocks are relatively highly altered,but Fe-Ti oxide pairs suggest that was maintained near to and above the QFM buffer and the rangeof biotite compositions further suggests crystallization undera regime of decreasing . Biotites maintain alkaline characteristics throughout the sequence. Zoningpatterns in the ternary feldspars in the syenodiorites, andthe hypersolvus character of the final granite, limit maximumvalues of to < 1 kb, and suggest minimum temperatures for the end of crystallizationin the syenodiorites of{small tilde} 850 ?C.  相似文献   

Hummocky cross-stratification, tropical hurricanes, and intense winter storms     

WILLIAM L. DUKE 《Sedimentology》1987,34(2):344-344

Duke (1985b) argues that ‘most examples (of hummocky cross-stratification) were formed by tropical hurricanes.’ His statement is based on the assumption that ‘hurricane-generated surface gravity waves form powerful oscillating or multidirectional flows at the water-sediment interface which do not possess a significant unidirectional component.’ It is true, as one of us has previously stated, that hurricanes are rapidly-moving, short-lived, localized, and infrequent systems as compared with mid-latitude storms; midlatitude storms are consequently more efficient in coupling with the shelf water-column than are hurricanes. However, Duke's argument that hummocky cross-stratification may be the result of purely oscillatory flow is untenable. His reasoning contradicts established theory about oscillatory bedforms, and his numerous examples of hummocky cross-stratification come largely from continental shelf settings where the storms (tropical or otherwise) would have created concurrent alongshelf undirectional flow as well as wave oscillatory motion. There is no theoretical or observational basis for the belief that water movement on the sea-floor during hurricanes is qualitatively different from water movement during mid-latitude storms. Consequently, hummocks are no more liable to form beneath hurricanes than they are beneath mid-latitude storms.  相似文献   

Turbidite depositional patterns and flow characteristics, Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

DAVID J. W. PIPER  WILLIAM R. NORMARK† 《Sedimentology》1983,30(5):681-694

The late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of Navy Fan is mapped in detail from more than 100 cores. Thirteen ¹⁴C dates of plant detritus and of organic-rich mud beds show that a marked change in sediment supply from sandy to muddy turbidites occurred between 9000 and 12,000 years ago. They also confirm the correlation of several individual depositional units. The sediment dispersal pattern is primarily controlled by basin configuration and fan morphology, particularly the geometry of distributary channels, which show abrupt 60° bends related to the Pleistocene history of lobe progradation. The Holocene turbidity currents are depositing on, and modifying only slightly, a relict Pleistocene morphology. The uppermost turbidite is a thin sand to mud bed on the upper-fan valley levées and on parts of the mid-fan. Most of its sediment volume is in a mud bed on the lower fan and basin plain downslope from a sharp bend in the mid-fan distributary system. Little sediment occurs farther downstream within this distributary system. It appears that most of the turbidity current overtopped the levée at the channel bend, a process referred to as flow stripping. The muddy upper part of the flow continued straight down to the basin plain. The residual more sandy base of the flow in the distributary channel was not thick enough to maintain itself as gradient decreased and the channel opened out on to the mid-fan lobe. Flow stripping may occur in any turbidity current that is thick relative to channel depth and that flows in a channel with sharp bends. Where thick sandy currents are stripped, levée and mid-fan erosion may occur, but the residual current in the channel will lose much of its power and deposit rapidly. In thick muddy currents, progressive overflow of mud will cause less declaration of the residual channelised current. Thus both size and sand-to-mud ratio of turbidity currents feeding a fan are important factors controlling morphologic features and depositional areas on fans. The size-frequency variation for different types of turbidity currents is estimated from the literature and related to the evolution of fan morphology.  相似文献   

Variations in the discharge and organic matter content of stalagmite drip waters in Lower Cave,Bristol     

ANDY BAKER  WILLIAM L. BARNES  PETER L. SMART 《水文研究》1997,11(11):1541-1555

Six drip waters, which were actively depositing stalagmites in Lower Cave, Bristol, were analysed both for discharge and luminescence properties. Drip discharges were determined for two different years, and show a complex response to surface precipitation variations. Inter annual variability in drip discharge is demonstrated to be significantly higher than intra-annual variability, and discharge was demonstrated both to increase and decrease non-linearly with increased precipitation. Drip waters demonstrate a correlation between their luminescence intensity and drip discharge, with increased luminescence in winter as more organic matter is flushed through the aquifer. The strength of the relationship between luminescence intensity and discharge increases with increased discharge. The results presented here have implications for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of annual growth laminae and the growth rates of stalagmite samples. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

组合表面Bragg散射模型共极化SAR海表面风速反演          下载免费PDF全文

方贺  杨劲松  樊高峰  李超  史达伟  William Perrie 《遥感学报》2022,26(6):1274-1287

组合表面布拉格散射模型CSBS（Composite Surface Bragg Scattering）由布拉格（Bragg）散射模型和几何光学模型组成，是海洋微波散射的经典模型，可用于星载合成孔径雷达SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar）海表面风场反演。研究指出，Bragg散射模型仅适用于中等入射角条件，几何光学模型则更适用于小入射角情形。然而，如何确定中等和小入射角的阈值，即CSBS模型最优入射角的选取目前尚无定论。基于142景成像于美国东西海岸和中国东海的RADARSAT-2精细四极化SAR影像数据和海洋浮标数据，本文提出了一种最优局地入射角查找算法，分别对VV和HH极化SAR数据进行最优入射角阈值的选取。结果显示，局地入射角14°和16°分别为VV和HH极化影像CSBS模型反演风速最优入射角。基于最优入射角的选取，本文在0—15 m/s海况区间内利用CSBS模型对VV和HH极化SAR影像开展风速反演实验，并将反演风速与浮标风速进行对比。结果显示，基于VV和HH极化数据的CSBS模型反演风速与浮标风速均方根误差分别为2.15 m/s和2.32 m/s，相关系数分别为0.79和0.75，两者具有良好的一致性。本文研究结论表明基于最优入射角设置后的CSBS模型在海面风速小于15 m/s条件下具有良好的应用性，后续研究将更加关注CSBS模型在高海况以及交叉极化SAR数据情况下的应用。  相似文献